Petroleum and Chemicals
Oil is a natural fossil fuel, one of the most important sources of energy in the world. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons formed by the transformation of the remains of sea creatures and plants under high pressure and temperature for millions of years underground. Over time, this organic matter accumulates deep in the earth's crust, forming large reservoirs.
Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from fossil fuels such as oil or natural gas. These chemicals are extracted from crude oil or natural gas in refineries or petrochemical plants and are then used in the production of various industrial products. Petrochemicals are generally low molecular weight organic compounds and can be chemically converted into various products.
EN 590
EN 590 was developed to comply with diesel fuel quality standards set by the European Union. These standards include low sulfur content, low aromatic hydrocarbons and reduction of other pollutants. EN 590 10ppm is a product with a maximum sulfur content of 10 parts sulfur. EN 590 10ppm is used in many areas. It is especially frequently used in the transportation sector. Vehicle engines can use this fuel with high efficiency, resulting in lower emissions and cleaner engine performance. It is also widely used in industrial and commercial uses. EN 590 10ppm is a preferred product due to its cleaner environmental profile than other diesel fuels. Russia is a country rich in oil and natural gas deposits and exports many different petroleum products, including EN 590 10ppm.
Jet 1A Fuel
Jet A1 is the name given to the type of fuel, the main ingredient of which is kerosene, used today in jet-powered passenger and cargo aircraft around the world. The main ingredient of Jet A1, kerosene, is actually a flammable hydrocarbon liquid. It is derived from the Greek word “keros”. Kerosene is a gas oil called “paraffin oil”. It is obtained by very fine distillation of petroleum between 150°C and 270°C. It is often used for heating and lighting. It is less flammable than gasoline but gives off more heat than gasoline. Its flash point is 38°C. It does not ignite in any contact with fire below this temperature. However, the vapors of kerosene, in other words Jet A1, can flash very easily and cause a fire beyond expectations. In such cases, foam, chemicals and water mist should be used to extinguish the fire. The freezing point of kerosene is around -47°C. It is preferred as an “aviation fuel” because of these properties; that is, it does not freeze easily at low temperatures at high altitudes and minimizes the risk of fire in the event of an accident. In addition to Jet A1, there are Jet A and Jet B type aviation fuels. The most important difference between Jet A1 and Jet A is their flash and freezing temperatures. Jet A ignites at 51°C and freezes at -40°C. Jet B type naphtha-kerosene fuel, which freezes at -60°C, is rarely used in the commercial airline industry.
Urea
Urea [(NH₂)₂CO] is one of the simplest organic nitrogenous compounds and can both occur naturally and be produced synthetically. Urea fertilizer used in agriculture is usually in white granular or crystalline form and dissolves rapidly on contact with water. Urea is produced by reacting carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ammonia (NH₃) in the atmosphere.
Chemical Properties of Urea
Molecular Formula: (NH₂)₂CO
Molecular Weight: 60.06 g/mol
Nitrogen Content: Urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen. This makes urea one of the most nitrogen-dense fertilizers.
pH: Urea generally has a neutral pH value, meaning that it does not significantly change the pH level of the soil.
Solubility: It is easily soluble in water, so it can be both applied with an irrigation system and mixed directly into the soil.
Urea Types
-Granular Urea
-Coated Urea (Coated Urea)
-Solubl Urea
-Urea Formaldehyde
Urea fertilizer is an efficient and flexible type of fertilizer that is widely used in agriculture to provide the nitrogen needed by plants. When used with the right application techniques, it can significantly improve plant growth and productivity.
Fertilizer
Fertilizers are organic or inorganic substances added to the soil for healthy growth, development and productive crops. Fertilizers provide essential nutrients that plants need, increase soil fertility and help plants to be resistant to diseases. In addition to increasing the quality and quantity of agricultural products, the use of fertilizers also aims to improve the physical and chemical structure of the soil.
Fertilizer Types
Fertilizers can be divided into various categories according to their content, source and intended use. In general, fertilizers are divided into two main groups: organic and inorganic (chemical) fertilizers.
Organic Fertilizers
Organic fertilizers are fertilizers consisting entirely of organic components derived from animal, vegetable or other natural substances. They support long-term productivity by increasing the organic matter content of the soil.
Animal Fertilizers:
Stable manure: Fertilizer obtained from the excrement of bovine and ovine animals. It provides organic matter, nitrogen and other nutrients to the soil.
Poultry manure: It is obtained from the feces of poultry such as chickens and turkeys. It contains more nitrogen than barnyard manure.
Vegetable Fertilizers:
Compost: Fertilizer obtained by decomposing plant waste (leaves, branches, bark, etc.). It is rich in organic matter and increases the water holding capacity of the soil.
Green fertilizer: It is obtained from plants that are planted in the soil and mixed into the soil by plowing after they grow. These plants decompose in the soil and provide organic matter and nutrients.
Other Organic Fertilizers:
Vermicompost: A high quality fertilizer produced by worms digesting and excreting organic matter.
Guano: Fertilizer derived from the droppings of seabirds, known for its high phosphorus and nitrogen content.
Inorganic (Chemical) Fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers are fertilizers produced in industrial plants and contain specific nutrients. They are used to ensure that plants grow quickly and effectively. They usually contain macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Nitrogen Fertilizers:
Urea: Contains 46% nitrogen and is one of the most widely used nitrogen fertilizers.
Ammonium sulphate: contains 21% nitrogen and is also a source of sulphur.
Ammonium nitrate: contains 33-34% nitrogen and provides nitrogen in both nitrate and ammonium form.
Phosphorus Fertilizers:
Super phosphate: Contains 16-20% phosphorus, supports root development of plants.
Triple super phosphate: Contains 44-46% phosphorus and is known for its high phosphorus content.
Potassium Fertilizers:
Potassium sulphate: Contains 50% potassium and also provides sulfur. Since it does not contain chloride, it is used in chlorine sensitive plants.
Potassium nitrate: Contains both potassium and nitrogen in nitrate form.
Complex (Compound) Fertilizers:
NPK fertilizers: Compound fertilizers containing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). They are formulated according to the needs of plants by mixing in different ratios.
Micronutrient Fertilizers Fertilizers containing micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, boron, etc.) that plants need in smaller amounts. These elements are vital for plant health and development.
Sulphur
Sulfur (also known as sulfur) is a chemical element with atomic number 16, designated by the symbol S in the periodic table. It is a yellow, odorless, crystalline, crystalline solid commonly found in nature. Sulfur is widely available both in elemental form and as compounds and plays an important role in various industries.
Chemical Properties
Atomic Number: 16
Atomic Weight 32.06 g/mol
Electron Arrangement: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴
Oxidation States: -2, +2, +4, +6 (most commonly -2 and +6)
Melting Point 115.21°C
Boiling Point 444.6°C
Density: 2.07 g/cm³ (solid)
Solubility: Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as carbon disulfide (CS₂).
Allotropes: Sulfur is an element with multiple allotropic forms. The most common allotropes are rhombic sulfur and monoclinic sulfur, the cyclic S₈ molecule (rings of eight atoms).
Sulfur has a wide range of uses in many fields such as the chemical, agricultural, petroleum, paper, pharmaceutical and food industries. It is used in sulfuric acid production and rubber vulcanization in the chemical industry, in fertilizer and pesticide production in agriculture, in hydrogen sulfide treatment in the oil and gas industry, in the separation of lignin in paper production, in dermatological treatments in pharmaceuticals and as a preservative in the food industry. This versatile element plays an important role in various branches of industry.
MAP
MAP fertilizer (Monoammonium Phosphate) is a type of fertilizer known for its high phosphorus and nitrogen content. Its name comes from its chemical formula: NH₄H₂PO₄. MAP is often used to promote root development during the early growth stages of plants and is especially ideal for plants with high phosphorus requirements.
Characteristics:
Nitrogen Content: 11-12% nitrogen content.
Phosphorus Content: Contains 48-52% phosphorus.
Chemical Formula: NH₄H₂PO₄
Solubility: Highly soluble in water, which allows plants to quickly access nutrients.
MAP fertilizer is widely used in agriculture to support root development, especially in the early growth stages of plants. In plants with high phosphorus needs, it is applied close to the seed bed, allowing plants to reach nutrients quickly. It is preferred for seedling planting and soil preparation in greenhouse and horticulture. In addition, as an important component of liquid fertilizers used in drip irrigation systems, it effectively provides the phosphorus and nitrogen needed by plants. With these features, MAP fertilizer plays an important role in increasing productivity.
NPK
NPK stands for a blend of essential nutrients for plants and the acronym stands for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Nitrogen is a nutrient essential for healthy plant growth and leaf and stem development. Nitrogen deficiency can lead to yellowing of leaves and slower growth. Phosphorus is important for root development and energy transfer, and is also involved in flowering and fruit formation. Phosphorus deficiency can result in poor root development and low productivity. Potassium, on the other hand, supports the overall health of plants, increases their resistance to disease and regulates water balance. It also plays an important role in the photosynthesis process. A potassium deficiency can be manifested by brown spots on leaf margins and poor root development. NPK fertilizers contain a specific ratio of these three main nutrients and are used to provide the balance of nutrients that plants need. The labels on fertilizers usually indicate the ratios of N, P and K, which indicate the percentage of each nutrient, and these ratios should be chosen according to the type of plant for which the fertilizer is to be used and the available nutrient content of the soil.
